Mujahideen (Definition)

Definition: A mujahid is one who strives or struggles on behalf of Islam; mujahideen is the plural of the same word. The word mujahid is an Arabic participle drawn from the same root as the Arabic word jihad, to strive or struggle. The term is most frequently used in reference to the self named Afghan mujahideen, the guerrilla fighters who battled the Soviet army from 1979 – 1989, when the Soviets withdrew in defeat. The Soviets invaded in December, 1979 in order to provide support a recently installed pro-Soviet prime minister, Babrak Karmal. The mujahideen were fighters from the mountainous areas of the largely rural country, and also maintained bases in Pakistan. They were entirely independent of the government. Mujahideen fought under the command of tribal leaders, who also headed Islamist political parties, which ranged from radical to moderate. The mujahideen received arms by way of Pakistan and Iran, both of which share a border. They made use of an arsenal of guerrilla tactics to thwart the Soviets, such as laying ambushes or blowing up gas pipelines between the two countries. They were estimated to be about 90,000 strong in the mid-1980s. The Afghan mujahideen were not seeking to wage an aggressive jihad beyond national boundaries, but were rather fighting a nationalist war against an occupier. The language of Islam helped unify a population that was—and still is--otherwise very heterogonous: Afghans have many tribal, ethnic and linguistic differences. After the war ended in 1989, these different factions returned to their previous divisiveness and fought each other, until the Taliban established rule in 1991. These unorganized guerrilla warriors were viewed as outlaws by their Soviet enemy and as freedom fighters by the Reagan Administration in the U.S., which supported the enemy of its enemy, the Soviet Union. Alternate Spellings: mujahedeen, mujahedin

Information About The World Vision - 1478 Words

Good Morning/Afternoon Mr Kidd and classmates, today me and my partner Michael are going to talk to you about our chosen organisation World Vision. Information About the World Vision - World Vision is a global organisation and is dedicated to working with children, families and communities to overcome poverty and injustice. We will be focusing on health care. Brief History of World Vision - World Vision started with a man trying to help children in a country with just $5. World Vision was created by Bob Pierce, he created a child sponsorship program which began in 1953, caring directly for children in orphanages. In the 1960’s the work expanded rapidly in more countries globally. In the 2000’s the Hope Initiative is launched to care for†¦show more content†¦They have been training him through programs and have also provided clean drainage. This links to the goal 6 (Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases) and goal 7 (Ensure Environmental Sustainability). World Vision partnered with a Mongolian community and the toilet facilities in schools were so poor that children often had no choice but to relieve themselves behind school buildings. In Mongolia, winter temperatures can plunge as low as -35 °C, yet the school toilets were no more than outdoor pit latrines. There was no clean water for the kids to drink or wash their hands with. As a result of these unsanitary conditions, infectious disease spread amongst the children, causing them to become diarrheal. When you’re diarrheal, you can’t absorb and use the nutrients from your food as effectively, resulting in malnutrition. Fortunately, the community was able to build indoor toilet facilities and supply clean water. Now, the children in that community get to avoid the cold weather, use safe toilets and practice good hygiene. This links to goal 6 (Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases). 1. Zika Virus : World Vision has recently joined the fight against the Zika virus, The World Health Organisation recently announced that the virus was a public health emergency of international concern. World Vision says that we are in a race against time to stop the

A Brief Note On The Body Worn Cameras - 907 Words

Body Worn Cameras A man walks down a road, and is confronted by a police officer wearing a body worn camera. The man and the officer exchange words, and soon after a physical altercation ensues. According to the man’s statement, the officer was out of line, assaulted him, and his privacy was violated by the use of the camera. The officer’s statement, however, said that he was trying to question the man about being intoxicated and the usage of vulgar language, when the subject then began threatening him and ultimately began the attack on him; the officer continued to state he used the minimum amount of force necessary to minimize the threat. The man was ultimately convicted by the video evidence. Police officers feel that wearing body worn cameras will provide all the necessary evidence in any given situation, and protect them from public scrutiny, while the public believes that their privacy is being violated, and at too high of a financial cost. Police officers and public citizens must each concede to find the truth. In the past, police officers and the public only had their word as their testimony. They had no choice but to try convince the jury that their side of the story was the truth. High profile cases between officers and the public have left the public searching and wanting answers. Some law enforcement departments have added another piece of equipment to their police officers for their added protection, while they patrol the streets. This controversial piece ofShow MoreRelatedPassage to Africa Analysis2349 Words   |  10 PagesSimilar to the ‘ghost village’ – portraying emptiness Comment [i10]: ‘hunt’ suggests how the views of the camera crew towards the Somalian people are animalistic (or at least something less than human), also, they never seem to be satisfied as they keep going until they find the ‘most striking pictures’ Comment [i11]: Maybe, the fact that this time he referred to himself, as well as the camera man, could suggest how h e feels guilty, hence, him admitting to it Comment [i12]: They don’t stop, mechanicallyRead MorePeople Have Many Names For Me1980 Words   |  8 Pagesa white door, and a one-way mirror surround me and the stainless steel table in the center of the room. A video camera floats high above me in the distant, front-left corner by the door. The black pupil points straight in my direction, recording everything within its cone of vision, and I’ve been in this room enough times over the last week to know there’s more than just the video camera watching me. The blue bruises on my cheeks and the gash along the bridge of my nose and the yellow outline ofRead MoreChanging Nature of Television Crime Drama Essay2783 Words   |  12 PagesThere are too many cop shows and they are becoming all the same. The same stories, the same lighting, the same camerawork, same dead bodies. - Peter Ansorge, 1997. Given the diversity of concepts and setting of crime dramas currently being produced this comment may or may not seem as convincing as it may have been when authored. Take one crime drama series and investigate the respects in which it both: 1) reworks established crime drama formula and conventions; and 2) offers noveltyRead MoreBraveheart: the Worst Film for Best Picture3877 Words   |  16 Pageshighlands of Scotland, and thus their long kiss is filmed in dusky light. Soon they elope to the forest by night, where they pledge marriage vows with a friar (in again what seems to be a Shakespearean borrowing) beside a Celtic stone cross: the camera then pans out, leaving the framed figures in moonlight to hold in a tableau that looks like religious iconography. Gibson’s production company is clearly called â€Å"Icon† for a reason. Then follows the most mortifying scene in the entire film, theRead MoreIntroduction to Film Cinema and Literature12137 Words   |  49 Pageswatching a horse race, he employed the services of Eadweard Muybridge, who was a well-known photographer. Muybridge worked on the problem for four years and finall y came up with a solution in 1877. He arranged a series of still cameras along a stretch of race track and each camera took its picture as the horse sprinted by. The result of the photographs proved Leland Stanford right thereby making him win the bet. But rather than forgetting about the event, Muybridge had a brilliant idea which was inspiredRead MoreThe Disenchanted Research Paper3448 Words   |  14 Pagesearned an Academy Award nomination for his 1931 adaptation of Dr. Jeckyll and Mr. Hyde.† [Samuel Hoffenstein bio; http://www.nytimes.com] In the novel, â€Å"Bob Benchley, Sam Hoffenstein, Scott Fitzgerald—they and many more had all lain here. Some of the bodies, he thought bitterly, had not yet been removed. As he approached his bungalow he could hear the infectious early-morning laughter of Mr. Benchley, sitting up with his friends Johnny Walker, Johnny McClain and Charley Butterworth.† [Ch.4] â€Å"During theRead MoreResearch Review : Trust Design2985 Words   |  12 PagesSocial Design Using the digital elements like photos and video streams of the products solely cannot gain the initial trust. Hassanein and Head [2007] examined social presence by demonstrating items worn by individuals. This gives the additional information of the product (e.g., how a dress looks on the body). Utilizing the graphical characters, avatars, ECA (embodied conversational agent, will discuss later in this paper) makes the online shopping more interactive, as a result it enhances the consumer’sRead MoreThe Visceral Politics of V for Vendetta: On Politica Affect in Cinema6851 Words   |  28 PagesIn service of this argument, the essay unfolds in three parts. The first section sketches an appropriate framework for understanding how cinema marshals and moves viewers by engaging them in a fully embodied experience.4 The second section offers a brief overview of the films plot before turning to an analysis of its triptych narrative and affective development. The third and final secti on considers the methodological, critical, and theoretical implications suggested by the preceding analysis. ARead MoreAr 670-1116218 Words   |  465 Pages(RAR). This RAR is effective 11 June 2012. The portions affected by this RAR are listed in the summary of change. Summary. This regulation prescribes Department of the Army policy for proper wear and appearance of Army uniforms and insignia, as worn by officers and enlisted personnel of the active Army and the U.S. Army Reserve, as well as by former Soldiers. Applicability. This regulation applies to the active Army, the Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and theRead MoreAr 670-1117328 Words   |  470 Pagesthe Joint Meritorious Unit Award (chap 29). The revision of 1 July, 2002 -o Updates wear of religious items and jewelry; sets grooming, hair, fingernail, and cosmetics policies; defines eyeglasses and sunglasses standards; adds policies on tattoos, body piercing, and the carrying of civilian bags; sets standards for contact lenses; authorizes pagers and cell phones; sets standards for starching and creasing battle dress uniforms; and exempts males from wearing headgear to evening events (chap 1).

Relationship of Chromium free essay sample

This paper investigates the relationship of chromium (Cry) mobility in soil with respect to pH performance using an electrochemical method. Experiments were conducted on kaolin, which prepared as a fully saturated soil sample spiked with chromium (Cry) In pompom concentration. A total of four different tests was conducted, and each of the tests is divided equally into two sample preparation. A DC power supply is used to achieve electric field strength of 5 V/CM and V/CM. The total duration of tests is six hours and the result as taken and recorded at every one hour. The pH value of the soil significantly affects the mobility of heavy metal ions. The mobility of chromium (Ill) In the soil using the electrochemical method was achieved by considering changes of pH values during experimental works. The pH values are slightly Increased at the Initial experiment, but then started to decrease after four hours for sample preparation 1 and after three hours for sample preparation 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship of Chromium or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The results showed that the increased experimental time induced a higher mobility of chromium in soil due to the changes in pH value. Key Words: chromium (Cry), electrochemical method, electrolysis process, mobility, pH value 1.For instance, its may enter the human body through food, water, air, or absorption through the skin when they come in contact with humans. With increasing of heavy metal contamination in the soil environment due to various human and natural activities, further contaminants will be affecting the ecosystems. Chromium is one type of heavy metals that usually contribute to the contaminated soil besides others such as lead, iron, zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium, arsenic, and uranium. There are elements, which can be harmful to people, animals and plants.Moreover, the effects of this contamination are often poorly understood because lack of knowledge about these hazards among people. This phenomenon may lead an increase of various problems to the unhealthy ecosystem. Therefore, there is a need to gain better understanding the behavior of chromium as well as the other heavy metals which may be risk associated with any contaminated sites. Electrochemical in soil is the moving of substance by applying an electric potential across the soil.This research will assess a basic electrochemical process as a attention method used to move chromium through the soil and then extract it from the soil or concentrate it in small volume soil, which can be more easily and economically to deal it. In this research, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship of chromium mobility in soil with respect to pH performance. It is hoped that these experiments will help to produce a proper extraction technique in order to reduce the number of soil contaminated sites, also provide further insight into electrochemical phenomena and the behavior of chromium in soil. . LITERATURE REVIEW Migration of contaminants into non contaminants sites as dust or lactate through the soil is the example of events that contribute towards contamination of our ecosystem. The migration of heavy metals contaminants may lead to increase the area of contaminated soils. Mobility of heavy metal, in particular, soil environment is an important factor assessing the risk posed by that site. Generally, the migration of the contaminants should be in a soluble form. If it not in a soluble, it needs to be desorbed, dissolved, or socialized into the pore solution before it can be adequately transported from the soil. The mobility of contaminants shows the process of migration of the contaminants (Reedy et al. , 1997). Several studies have been done on the extraction of heavy metal from be use for remediation at the contaminated sites. Stewart and West (1996) were done an investigation on the enhancement of electromagnetic remediation for arsenic (As) contaminated soils.In that study, Stewart and West (1996) founded that arsenic is typically immobile in agricultural soil, hence accumulates in the upper soil horizons. Thus, the regression analysis of pH, organic matter content, clay content, iron oxide intent, aluminum oxide content, and action exchange capacity versus arsenic (As) mobility was used in order to determine how each parameter affected the arsenic (As) mobility in soil (Stewart and West, 1996). It was founded that iron oxide content is the only soil characteristic significantly positively correlated with arsenic (As) mobility.In addition, Darned and Inspire (1997), have noticed that arsenic mobility is more dependent on liking exchange mechanisms, particularly with iron oxides than the pH-dependent dissolution precipitation reactions that regulate the movement of most other metals in the soil. Darned and Inspire (1997) found that arsenate (Sass) transport through sand containing free iron oxides was very slow at pH 4. 5 and 6. 5, and significantly more rapid at pH 8. 5. It was suggested that liming soil to increase the pH and promote metal precipitation to decrease metal mobility, may actually facilitate the movement of As (Darned and Inspire, 1997).